United States Court of Appeals,

                                         Eleventh Circuit.

                                           No. 97-4920.

                              Robert R. ROWE, Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                                 v.

                           Alan H. SCHREIBER, Defendant-Appellee.

                                          April 29, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 96-6086-CV-
WJZ), William J. Zloch, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.

       EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:

        Plaintiff Robert Rowe appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment for Defendant

Alan Schreiber in a section 1983 case based mainly on the Sixth Amendment and brought against

Schreiber in his individual capacity.1 The district court granted summary judgment after concluding

that Defendant, as public defender, was entitled to absolute immunity. Because we conclude that




   1
    Plaintiff states in his brief that Schreiber denied indigent criminal defendants rights protected
by "the Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments." But Plaintiff's discussion focuses on the
Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. No further mention is made of the
Eighth Amendment; and only Plaintiff's Brady rights are discussed in relation to "due process."
Because of the absence of argument, the issues of Eighth Amendment and Fourteenth
Amendment violations (other than Brady ) have been abandoned and will not be considered in
this appeal. See Marek v. Singletary, 

, 1298 n. 2 (11th Cir.1995) ("Issues not
clearly raised in the briefs are considered abandoned.") (citation omitted); Continental Technical
Servs., Inc. v. Rockwell Int'l Corp., 

, 1199 (11th Cir.1991) ("An argument not
made is waived...."); Harris v. Plastics Mfg. Co., 

, 440 (5th Cir.1980) (Although
posed as a question on appeal, appellants "do not discuss the issue in their argument. Any
contention that the trial court erred [on that issue] is therefore abandoned."); see also
Fed.R.App.P. 28(a)(5) ("argument shall contain discussion of issues presented").
Defendant was undoubtedly entitled to qualified immunity (which Defendant also asserted in the

district court), we need not decide whether absolute immunity was appropriate. We affirm.2

                                             Background

       Plaintiff was indicted in Broward County, Florida, on four counts of sexual battery. An

assistant public defender ("the APD"), who is no party to this case, represented Plaintiff during the

criminal trial. Plaintiff was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. A motion to vacate the

conviction was filed by Plaintiff. A Florida court granted the motion based on the conclusion that

Plaintiff received ineffective assistance of counsel. A new trial was ordered, but the State of Florida

nolle prosequi the charges.

       Plaintiff then filed a section 1983 claim against the Public Defender for Broward County,

Alan Schreiber, in his individual capacity.3 Never does the complaint allege that Schreiber acted

as Plaintiff's defense counsel.        Instead, the complaint alleges that Defendant—as an

administrator—created systemic deficiencies in the public defender system generally by denying

investigative resources and expert witness resources to assistant public defenders, by placing

pressure on the defenders to "hurry their clients' cases to trial," and by permitting assistant public

defenders to assume overwhelming caseloads. No allegation has been made that Defendant made

decisions specifically about the criminal defense of Plaintiff; nor has an allegation been made that

specific services were requested of Defendant by Plaintiff.




   2
   We may affirm a decision on any adequate grounds, including grounds other than the
grounds upon which the district court actually relied. See Parks v. City of Warner Robins, 

, 613 (11th Cir.1995).
   3
   Plaintiff also included a state law claim in his Second Amended Complaint. That claim was
dismissed by the district court and is not an issue on appeal.

                                                  2
          Plaintiff points only to errors made by the APD who represented him. Plaintiff claims,

among other things, that the APD did not properly obtain Brady information from the State; that

the APD repeatedly told Plaintiff that the APD did not have enough time to prepare Plaintiff's

defense; that the APD failed to investigate adequately Plaintiff's defense; and that the APD told

Plaintiff that the Public Defender's Office was cutting money allocated for case investigation. These

deficiencies, Plaintiff claims, were caused by the general administrative decisions of Defendant (for

example, resource management decisions, case load management decisions, and hiring and firing

decisions). Again, Plaintiff does not claim that Schreiber was, in any way, Plaintiff's defense

lawyer.

          Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment based on three alternative defenses: (1) as

public defender, Defendant was not acting under color of state law as required for a claim under

section 1983; (2) as public defender, Defendant was entitled to absolute immunity from section

1983 liability; or (3) Defendant was entitled to qualified immunity. The district court granted

Defendant's motion for summary judgment, concluding that Defendant—as public defender—was

entitled to absolute immunity.

                                              Discussion

          We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, with all facts viewed in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Hale v. Tallapoosa County, 

, 1581

(11th Cir.1995). Because we conclude that Defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, we have

assumed, arguendo, that Defendant—when acting as a public administrator—was acting under color

of state law and was not entitled to absolute immunity.




                                                   3
        "Qualified immunity protects government officials performing discretionary functions from

civil trials (and other burdens of litigation, including discovery) and from liability if their conduct

violates no "clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known.' " Lassiter v. Alabama A & M Univ., Bd. of Trustees, 

, 1149 (11th

Cir.1994) (en banc) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 

, 816, 

, 2738, 

(1982)). Thus, Plaintiff must point to a preexisting, clearly established right that was

violated by Defendant. See 

; see also Mitchell v. Forsyth, 

,

527, 

, 2816, 

(1985).

        Plaintiff argues that the well-established Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of

counsel is the clearly established right violated by Defendant. But, "courts must not permit plaintiffs

to discharge their burden by referring to general rules and to the violation of abstract "rights.' "

(citing Anderson v. Creighton, 

, 637-38, 

,

3038-39, 

(1987)) (footnote omitted). The right to effective assistance of counsel,

although a generally established right of criminal defendants, is not sufficiently specific to overcome

Defendant's right to qualified immunity from this suit.

        "For the law to be clearly established to the point that qualified immunity does not apply,

the law must have earlier been developed in such a concrete and factually defined context to make

it obvious to all reasonable government actors, in the defendant's place, that "what he is doing'

violates federal law." 

(quoting 

, 107 S.Ct. at

3039). "Public officials are not obligated to be creative or imaginative in drawing analogies from

previously decided cases." 

(quoting Adams v. St. Lucie County Sheriff's

Dep't, 

, 1573, 1575 (11th Cir.1992) (Edmondson, J., dissenting), approved en banc,


                                                  4


(11th Cir.1993)). "If case law, in factual terms, has not staked out a bright line,

qualified immunity almost always protects the defendant." Post v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 

, 1557 (11th Cir.1993).

        In this case, for qualified immunity not to apply, the right which must be clearly established

is some right to have the resources of the public defender's office administratively allocated in a

specific manner or the right to have certain administrative decisions made.4 Plaintiff puts forward

no existing law to show the clearly established nature of this "right." That general administrative

decisions of the kind at issue in this case violated Plaintiff's Sixth Amendment right to effective

assistance of counsel, when the decisions were made by someone not acting as Plaintiff's lawyer,

was not (and is not) clearly established.5


   4
    Plaintiff argues that the right to have his case adequately investigated and adequately
prepared is also clearly established. The right to effective assistance of counsel may embody the
rights to adequate preparation and investigation, see Weidner v. Wainwright, 

, 616
(11th Cir.1983), but the lawyer decisions of what to investigate and what to prepare in Plaintiff's
criminal case were the APD's, not Defendant's. The conduct complained of by Plaintiff about
Defendant is the public administrative act of allocating the available resources for investigation
and preparation generally. Included in Plaintiff's argument that the APD did not adequately
investigate is Plaintiff's claim that his Brady rights were not adequately protected; see generally
Brady v. Maryland, 

, 

, 

(1963). But Plaintiff has failed
to point to conduct of Defendant (as a public administrator) that caused a violation of Plaintiff's
Brady rights. More important, Plaintiff has pointed to no law that clearly established that a
person administering a public defender program is the guarantor, through his administrative
decisions, of all indigent defendants' Brady rights.
   5
    We accept that indigent defendants must be provided particular services, such as expert
witnesses, by the State under certain circumstances. But to be entitled to those services, a
defendant is required to request the State for the services. See Moore v. Kemp, 

,
709 (11th Cir.1987) (en banc). No allegation has been made that Plaintiff asked Defendant to
provide a service, which service was denied. "Supreme Court precedent establishes the principle
that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment requires that the state, upon request,
provide indigent defendants with the "basic tools of an adequate defense ... when those tools are
available for a price to other prisoners.' " 

(emphasis added) (quoting
Britt v. North Carolina, 

, 227, 

, 433, 

(1971)); see also

                                                  5
       Plaintiff has, in fact, presented nothing to show that every reasonable public defender in

Defendant's position would have known that the conduct—making decisions about how to allocate

limited resources within his office and how otherwise to manage the public defender's

office—violated Plaintiff's constitutional rights. The "right" allegedly violated is the Sixth

Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel; but no precedents have been cited that involve

the administrative duties of a public defender, as opposed to the traditional legal functions performed

by the criminal defendant's specific attorney: that is, lawyer-as-lawyer decisions.6 The cases cited

by Plaintiff are not materially similar to the case before us and do not clearly establish a right to

certain funding for (or certain administrative decisions affecting) investigation, expert witnesses,

and the like. See 

-51; Edwards v. Gilbert, 

, 1277 (11th

Cir.1989).

        Qualified immunity is the rule, not the exception. Plaintiff has failed to convince us that this

case represents the exceptional case where qualified immunity should not apply. See, e.g., 

, 102 S.Ct. at 2738; 

; Barts v. Joyner, 

, 1190

(11th Cir.1989).




Ake v. Oklahoma, 

, 

, 

(1985). These cases—involving
requests made to courts—do not clearly establish a right to the kind of administrative decisions
involved in this case, especially in the absence of a request that the public administrator provide
a particular service to a particular defendant. Plaintiff's only alleged request for an expert
witness was to his APD, not to Defendant.
   6
    For example, Plaintiff cites us to cases such as Strickland v. Washington, 

, 

, 

(1984), and Weidner v. Wainwright, 

(11th Cir.1983).
These cases are decisions about whether a criminal defendant received effective assistance of
counsel: again lawyer acting as lawyer. The cases in no way address the constitutional
responsibilities of a public defender acting as a public administrator and making administrative
decisions for the public defender's office.

                                                   6
AFFIRMED.




            7